ZOO201 Mid Repeated Questions

  Feeding and digestion

 Cephalopods locate their prey by sight and capture prey with tentacles that have adhesive cups.

The digestive tract of cephalopods is muscular, and peristalsis (coordinated muscular waves) replaces

ciliary action in moving food.

• Most digestion occurs in a stomach and a large cecum.

• Digestion is primarily extracellular, with large digestive glands supplying enzymes.

• An intestine end at the anus, near the funnel, and exhalant water carries wastes out of the mantle cavity.

 

2.       Phylum Protozoa

First discovered by Antony Von Leeuwenhoek in 1671.

 

3.       Schizocoelous Coelom:

Schizocoely (adjective forms: schizocoelous or schizocoelic) is a process by which some animal embryos develop.

• Animals which develop through schizocoely are known as schizocoelomates.

• Schizocoely occurs when a coelom (body cavity) is formed by splitting the mesodermal embryonic tissue.

• Schizocoelous development is typically attributed to protostomes, but some deuterostomes can exhibit schizocoely as well.

 

4.       Scientific name of Human

           Homo sapiens

5.       Ecdysis

Shedding of cuticle for growth is called molting or ecdysis (Arthropods)

6.       Cnidarians:

1. The phylum cnidarians include jelly fish, coral, sea anemones and hydra
2. • They have a radial symmetry and do not have a body cavity

The phylum cnidarians include jelly fish, coral, sea anemones and hydra

• They have a radial symmetry and do not have a body cavity

Many cnidarians have specialized stinging cells to capture food or defense themselves

7.       Monophyletic (derived from a single ancestor)

1. Diphyletic (derived from two ancestors)
2. Polyphyletic (derived from many ancestors)

Diphyletic (derived from two ancestors)

Polyphyletic (derived from many ancestors)

 

8.       Heartworm Disease

A filarial worm prevalent in the United States Dirofilaria immitis, a parasite of dogs.

• Since the adult worms live in the heart and large arteries of the lungs, the infection is called heartworm disease.

• Once established, these filarial worms are difficult to eliminate and the condition can be fatal.

• Prevention with heartworm medicine is thus advocated for all dogs.

 

9.       Tubular System Nematodes

Parasitic nematodes have a more advances system, called the tubular system that developed from the renette system.

• In this system, the renettes unite to form a large canal which opens outside through an excretory pore.

Trichinosis:

- Adult Trichinella (Gr. Trichinos, hair) spiralis live in mucosa of the small intestine

of humans and other omnivores (e.g. the pig).

- In the intestine, adult females give birth to the young larvae that than enter the

circulatory system and are carried to the skeletal (striated) muscles of the same

host.

- The young larvae encyst in the skeletal muscles and remain infective for many

years. The disease this nematode is called trichinosis.

 

What is tagmatization in zoology?

In the ancestral arthropod, the body was made up of repeated segments, each with similar internal organs and appendages. One evolutionary trend is the grouping together of some segments into larger units, the tagmata. The evolutionary process of grouping is called tagmosis (or tagmatization).

 

Phylogeny:

“A phylogeny is a hypothetical relationship between groups of organisms being

1. compared.”
2. Phylogenetic tree, also called Dendrogram, a diagram showing the evolutionary interrelations
3. of a group of organisms derived from a common ancestral form.The ancestor is in the tree “trunk”; organisms that have arisen from it are placed at
4. the ends of tree “branches.

compared.”

Phylogenetic tree, also called Dendrogram, a diagram showing the evolutionary interrelations

of a group of organisms derived from a common ancestral form.The ancestor is in the tree “trunk”; organisms that have arisen from it are placed at

the ends of tree “branches.

Determinate cleavage with example: cleavage of an egg in which each division irreversibly separates portions of the zygote with specific potencies for further development. Annelids, mollusks and ascidians which produce mosaic type of eggs exhibit determinate cleavage

 

Cleavage is a process of rapid mitotic cell divisions of the zygote to form number of cells for

1. building up the offspring’s body.
2. Determinate cleavage: It results in developmental fate of cells being set early in embryo
3. development.

building up the offspring’s body.

Determinate cleavage: It results in developmental fate of cells being set early in embryo

development.

What are the benefits of cuttlebone?

Ans: -

Cuttlebone is an important dietary supplement for birds because it is a great source of

necessary minerals and calcium, which helps birds with bone formation and blood clotting.

Cuttlebone is an inexpensive source of calcium carbonate and other trace minerals for your

bird.

 

 Life cycle of beef tape worm:

Taeniasis is the infection of humans with the adult tapeworm of Taenia saginata or Taenia solium. Humans are the only definitive hosts for T. saginata and T. solium. Eggs or gravid proglottids are passed with feces, the eggs can survive for days to months in the environment. Cattle (T. saginata) and pigs (T. solium) become infected by ingesting vegetation contaminated with eggs or gravid proglottids

 In the animal’s intestine, the oncospheres hatch ,invade the intestinal wall, and migrate to the striated muscles, where they develop into cysticerci. A cysticercus can survive for several years in the animal. Humans become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat.

In the human intestine, the cysticercus develops over 2 months into an adult tapeworm, which can survive for years. The adult tapeworms attach to the small intestine by their scolex  and reside in the small intestine

 .Common between arthropods and annelids

 

Malaria ki 4 types (5)

Five species of Plasmodium (single-celled parasites) can infect humans and cause illness:

Plasmodium falciparum (or P. falciparum)

 Plasmodium malariae (or P. malariae)

 Plasmodium vivax (or P. vivax)

 Plasmodium ovale (or P. ovale)

 Plasmodium knowlesi (or P. knowlesi)

 What are the similarities of Annelids and arthropods?

Ans: -

Both arthropods and annelids are segmented, and members of the annelid class Polychaeta

have a pair of appendages on each segment.

The plan of the nervous system in arthropods is

very similar to that of annelids,

and the basic plan in both groups shows a tubular, dorsal

heart, which is then lost or modified in some

 

Arthropods/Annelids difference* 5marks

Arthropods are invertebrate animals that possess a segmented body, an exoskeleton, and

Paired appendages. Whereas, annelids are another group of invertebrates that are

segmented

Worms by transverse rings. Though arthropods have an exoskeleton, annelids do not.

Furthermore, arthropods have an open circulatory system while annelids have a closed

Circulatory system. Moreover, arthropods have a chitinous cuticle while annelids have a

Collagenous cuticle. Insects, crustaceans, arachnids are several groups of arthropods while

Earthworms, ragworms, and leeches are some groups of annelids. Thus, this summarizes the

Difference between arthropods and annelids

 

Life cycle of Apicomplexans?

Ans: - The apicomplexa have complex life cycles that are characterized by three distinct processes: sporogony, merogony and gametogony.

 

Four Stages Of Ecdysis (5)

Deuterostome:

Deuterostome originates from the Greek word meaning “mouth second”. In deuterostomes, the

anus develops first and the mouth develops later. Enterocoely: In deuterostomes, the mesoderm

forms as invaginations of the developed gut that pinch off, forming the coelom. This is called the

enterocoely. Some major clades: There are three major clades of deuterostomes i.e., Chordata

(vertebrates and their kin), Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.) and

Hemichordata (acorn worms).

 

 Body Wall: Turbellarians have an epidermis that is exposed to the outside world. The epidermis may have cilia or microvilli. Between the epidermis and the mesodermally derived tissues is a basement membrane.

Under the basement membrane lies an outer layer of circular muscle and an

inner layer of longitudinal muscle. Between their dorsal and ventral surfaces these organisms have muscles that lie dorsoventrally and obliquely. There are also parenchymal cells that are located between the longitudinal muscles and the gastrodermis.

The endodermally derived gastrodermis is the inner most tissue layer, it is composed of single layer of cells. The gastrodermis functions in secreting enzymes that help in digestion, and the gastrodermis also absorbs the products of digestion.

 

 Copulatory function in oligochaeta? 5 marks

Ans: -

Sexually mature oligochaetes have a clitellum, which is a modification of a section of the

body wall consisting of a glandular, saddlelike thickening near the gonopores. During

copulation, the clitellum secretes a mucus that keeps the worms paired while sperm are

being exchanged.

 

 Metamerism is the phenomenon of having a linear series of body segments fundamentally

similar in structure, though not all such structures are entirely alike in any single life form

because some of them perform special functions.

- In animals, metameric segments are referred to as somites or metameres.

- Metamerism of arthropods is apparent externally.

- The arthropod body is composed of a similar segments. Each segment bears a pair of

appendages.

- Similarly most organ systems are not metamerically arranged.

 

 Oligochaete worms have long, segmented, tubular bodies, giving them the appearance of a piece of thick spaghetti. They can range in length from just a few millimeters to over 10 feet! You won't find a head or any limbs on these guys either, but they can still get around pretty well by peristalsis. This is when the body moves by contracting and relaxing its segments so that a wave-like motion pushes it along.

Oligochaetes are also simultaneous hermaphrodites, which means that they are both male and

female at the same time. This doesn't mean that they can self-fertilize, but it does mean that they

can mate with just about any other member of their species they come across. That's pretty

efficient.They don't need a respiratory system because gas exchange occurs through the body itself.

 

 

Method of copulation:

Sexual intercourse, or copulation, is the deposition of sperm into a female via a male intromittent organ. In humans, the intromittent organ is the penis, and sperm are deposited into the vagina, where they make their way to towards the uterus to fertilize an egg

Write the advantages of coelom?

Ans: -

The advantages of the coelom are as follows:

1. The organs like that of the digestive tract need more space to grow. …

2. Some organs like gonads need more space only during the breeding season.

3. Coelom also allows the formation of well-organized circulatory system with an efficient

heart to draw blood from vessels.